Elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and neurological diseases.
Maintaining optimal homocysteine levels is crucial for overall health, as high levels can lead to inflammation and damage to blood vessels.
Why Test for Homocysteine?
Studies have found elevated homocysteine levels in almost 30% of people older than 65 and more than 40% in people 80 and older.
High levels of homocysteine commonly referred to as hyperhomocysteinemia has long been established as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease, heart attack, sudden cardiac death, premature coronary artery disease, carotid artery stenosis (narrowing), blot clots, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.
Newer studies have also identified high homocysteine as an independent risk factor for dementia and cognitive impairment.
Homocysteine levels higher than 15 µmol/L are associated with nearly double the prevalence of dementia.
A 2017 study showed that patients with Parkinson's disease and cognitive dysfunction were more likely to have higher homocysteine levels.
By measuring homocysteine levels, healthcare practitioners can be proactive in their health management, aiding in the prevention of serious medical conditions and promoting overall well-being.
Homocysteine- LabCorp code: 706994
Understanding Homocysteine Test Results
Normal and optimal homocysteine levels should be less than 10 µmol/L.
Levels between 10-15 µmol/L are considered borderline.
Hyperhomocysteinemia is diagnosed with a serum homocysteine level greater than 15 µmol/L. T
Here are three classifications of hyperhomocysteinemia:
Moderate: 16-30 µmol/L
Intermediate: 31-100 µmol/L
Severe: > 100 µmol/L
Causes of Elevated Homocysteine Levels
Factors that can compromise homocysteine metabolism and contribute to elevated levels include:
Comorbid medical conditions: cancer, diabetes, kidney disease, thyroid dysfunction, homocystinuria
Folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 deficiencies (most common)
Dietary factors: excess consumption of alcohol, coffee, and methionine-rich foods
Genetic variations of the cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genes
Older age
Health Concerns of High Homocysteine
Elevated levels of homocysteine damage the inner endothelial lining of blood vessels, promoting inflammation and oxidative stress in the vasculature. This increases the risk of atherosclerosis, a thickening and hardening of arteries caused by plaque buildup, and blood clots.
There is growing evidence that homocysteine is neurotoxic and decreases blood perfusion to the brain. Elevated levels are associated with neurodegeneration progression, as observed in diseases like Alzheimer's disease.
Strategies to Lower Homocysteine Levels
Addressing high homocysteine through dietary modifications includes moderating alcohol and coffee consumption and adequately consuming foods rich in folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12.
Some of the foods with the highest content of these vitamins are listed below:
Folate: spinach, liver, asparagus, and brussels sprouts
Vitamin B6: fish, organ meats, potatoes, non-citrus fruits
Vitamin B12: fish, meat, poultry, eggs, dairy
Eating a high-protein diet has also been shown to elevate homocysteine levels. Methionine is found in high quantities in the standard American diet, concentrated in foods like meat, fish, poultry, dairy, and eggs. Limiting the intake of these foods may prevent hyperhomocysteinemia.
Supplements to Lower Homocysteine Levels
Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of B vitamin supplementation in reducing homocysteine levels.
If your homocysteine is over 10 micromoles per liter, you can lower it by taking B6, B12 and folate. If your homocysteine is above 10 start by taking the pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P) form of vitamin B6, 20-to 50 milligrams each day; the methylcobalamin (methyl-B12) and adenosylcobalamin forms of B12, 1 milligram in total each day; and the methyltetrahydrofolate (methyl-folate), starting with 0.8 milligrams (and as high as 5 milligrams) each day.
After three months, recheck the homocysteine to make sure it has dropped to 10 micromoles per liter or lower. In the uncommon cases in which it hasn't, simply add 500 milligrams daily of glycine betaine (also called trimethylglycine).
Re-check homocysteine in another three months.
If still high reduce the methionine (the amino acid from which the body makes homocysteine) in your diet by limiting consumption of foods such as nuts, beef, lamb, cheese, turkey, pork, shellfish, soy, eggs, dairy and beans.
Research suggests that omega-3 fatty acids effectively reduce homocysteine levels, especially when simultaneously taken with B vitamins.
Oral N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) supplementation may be considered for preventing vascular events and treating hyperhomocysteinemia. Four weeks of oral NAC dosed at 1.8 grams daily resulted in reductions of serum homocysteine by 11.7% and significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
References:
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8929261 ;
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** Always consult with a physician or healthcare practitioner with significant integrative or functional medicine training before starting any of the above recommendations.